( December 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This section needs additional citations for verification. CRM training concepts have been modified for use in a wide range of activities including air traffic control, ship handling, firefighting, and surgery, in which people must make dangerous, time-critical decisions. Studies have shown the use of CRM by both work groups reduces communication barriers and problems can be solved more efficiently, leading to increased safety. United Airlines trained their flight attendants to use CRM in conjunction with the pilots to provide another layer of enhanced communication and teamwork. By the 1990s, CRM had become a global standard.
In the US, United Airlines was the first airline to launch a comprehensive CRM program, starting in 1981. A few weeks later, NASA held a workshop on the topic, endorsing this training. ĬRM grew out of the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster, in which two Boeing 747 aircraft collided on the runway, killing 583 people. While retaining a command hierarchy, the concept was intended to foster a less-authoritarian cockpit culture in which co-pilots are encouraged to question captains if they observed them making mistakes. The term "cockpit resource management"-which was later generalized to "crew resource management"-was coined in 1979 by NASA psychologist John Lauber, who for several years had studied communication processes in cockpits. The issues surrounding that crash included a DC-8 crew running out of fuel over Portland, Oregon, while troubleshooting a landing gear problem. Despite the considerable development of electronic aids since then, many principles he developed continue to prove effective.ĬRM in the US formally began with a National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommendation written by NTSB Air Safety Investigator and aviation psychologist Alan Diehl during his investigation of the 1978 United Airlines Flight 173 crash. Its founder is David Beaty, a former Royal Air Force and a BOAC pilot who wrote " The Human Factor in Aircraft Accidents" (1969). CRM is primarily used for improving aviation safety and focuses on interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in aircraft cockpits. Crew resource management or cockpit resource management ( CRM) is a set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects.
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